Atomic Bomb Essays (815 words) - Manhattan Project, Code Names

Atomic Bomb Atomic Bomb On August 2, 1939 Albert Einstein wrote to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. This was right before the start of World War 2. In this letter Einstein and several other scientists told Roosevelt of the efforts Hitler was making to purify U-235 in which he hoped to make an atomic bomb. This is when the United States started the Manhattan Project. This was the project of making an atomic bomb. In the project many brilliant minds were used. The most famous of these people is Robert Oppenheimer. He was the major person behind this project. He basically ran the operation and oversaw the hole project from start to completion. Other great people like H.C. Urey, Ernest Lawrence, Isidor Rabi, and Ken Bainbridge also worked on the project and put just as much into it. The most complicated process was the process of getting enough uranium to sustain a chain reaction. In that time it was very hard to extract U-235. The ration of Uranium ore to the Uranium metal is 500:1. Then out of this Uranium metal 99% of it is U-238 which is non-fissionable. Finding a process to refining the Uranium was the first step in developing the atomic bomb. A massive enrichment laboratory/plant was built in Oak ridge, Tennessee. H.C. Urey and other associates at Columbia University devised a system that separated the Uranium using the principle of gaseous diffusion. Ernest Lawrence shortly following this invention came up with a process using magnetic separation. This process was quicker then the first. After the Uranium metal was separated form the Uranium ore it is put into a gas centrifuge to separate the U-235 and U-238. The first step of building an atomic bomb was completed. They now had the U-235 to build a bomb. Over the course of six years, 1939-1945, scientist worked on equations to make the U-235 into a bomb. It took some of the greatest minds to make these formulas. At the end of the six years and after spending $2 billion they had what they thought was a working bomb or a very expensive dud. At 5:29:45 (Mountain War Time) on July the 16th, 1945 the "Gadget", the code name for the bomb, was tested in the Jemez Mountains in northern New Mexico. This was the first atomic bomb ever detonated. The Gadget caused a white blaze to stretch across the skies of New Mexico. The light then turned orange as the fire ball started upwards at 360 ft/second. A characteristic mushroom cloud of radioactive vapor materialized at 30,000 ft. All that remained of the soil were fragments of jade green radioactive glass. The heat reaches 7,000 degrees F. It is so hot that the soil turns into glass. The Gadget worked. People from a nearby community said the saw the sun rise twice that day. It is said that a blind girl 120 miles away saw the flash. The creators of the Gadget had mixed feelings. Some felt that the equilibrium in nature was upset. Others were glad that the project had succeeded. Robert Oppenheirmer was excited that the project was a success, but quoted a fragment from Bhagavad Gita. "I am become death the destroyer of worlds." Several of the creators signed a petition against releasing the monster. Atomic bombs have only been used twice in warfare. The first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. It was a Uranium bomb that weighed over 4.5 tons. It was a 20 kiloton bomb that was nicknamed Little Boy. It was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6th, 1945. The Aioi Bridge was the targeting spot. It was to expelled 1,800 ft above the city. At 08:15 the bomb was dropped from the Enola Gay. At 08:16 hours the bomb exploded 2,000 ft above Hiroshima . It was only 800ft off target. It instantly killed 66,000 people and 69,000 people were injured. Total vaporization was up to mile away from the center of the explosion. Total destruction ranged up to 1 mile away from the center. Severe damaged ranged up to 2 miles away and anything flammable burned up to 2.5 miles away. The second bomb that was dropped was three days after the first bomb. This one was a plutonium bomb. Plutonium does the same thing as Uranium, but it is manmade so they don't have to go through the process of refining the Uranium. This bomb was only a 10 kiloton bomb. This bombs nickname was Fat Man. The Fat Man was dropped on Nagasaki. The bomb missed its target point by over a mile and a half, but it still killed 39,000

Review and Analysis of the U.S. and UK Government Websites

Review and Analysis of the U.S. and UK Government Websites Introduction Since the 1990s, internet has been expanding at a very fast pace and it has had a significant impact on how organizations and governments operate. During the era, the most technological advanced Western countries, such as the U.S. and Britain, have been working side by side to lead the way in establishing e-government.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Review and Analysis of the U.S. and UK Government Websites specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More E-government is a worldwide phenomenon to improve service delivery and internal efficiency of governmental organizations. With the application of new internet technologies, the developed countries are now leading the global phenomenon of e-government. Today, government agencies, management consulting firms, and IT companies have been exploring and documenting the best practices for e-government initiatives. It can be seen that the development of e-government has follo wed the development of e-commerce after being proven that businesses have been stimulated by it. Below, I’m going to provide a broad overview in e-government practices among two different nations, the U.S. and Britain, and show how they have impacted the society as a whole, to individual citizens and organizations. The government websites are very essential in circulating information between various departments within the government. The sites also provide the information to the public. The websites are designed in such a way that the security issues such as web site hacking are greatly minimized. The websites to be reviewed and analyzed are those of the UK government and the ones for the US government. They include the Official Site of the British Prime Minister’s Office, the United States Senate website, the UK Parliament website, USA Government made easy site, and Directgov website. Review of the Websites Even though these websites are intended to serve almost a sim ilar purpose, they contain different information. The websites are supposed to avail essential information not only to the governmental departments, but also to the public, which includes different organizations and the citizens of these countries.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The UK websites, the official site of the British Prime Minister’s Office and the UK Parliament Website, and Directgov offer a variety of information to the users (The official site of the British Prime Minister’s Office, 2012; United States Senate, 2012; UK Parliament Website, n.d.; USA Government Made Easy, n.d.; Directgov., n.d.). The information in the websites include departmental business plans, the government expenditures, the Whitehall officials, the government contracts, meetings within the ministries, and other important government data. They also contain information regardi ng the bills and legislation. They have a section in which users can register in order to receive the latest news on a regular basis via their email address. The two US government websites mentioned above provide a range of information to the users (United States Senate, 2012; USA Government Made Easy, n.d.). The United States Senate provides information regarding the states in the senate and strategies used to run the House. The USA Government Made Easy website, on the other hand, contains issues such as government jobs, government auctions, unclaimed money, government agencies, grants and other financial assistance programs offered by the US government. Like the UK websites, the US sites also provide the users with chance to register and receive latest updates on a regular basis. The Overall Content of the United States Sites The content for the U.S. government websites are loaded with useful information. There are introductions for every resource that explains everything in detai l which help users who are not familiar with how the governmental system works. For example, in the House of Representatives website, there are learning tools which aid educators and students to learn about how the house works, how the congress makes laws, and etc. Moreover, in the websites, the public are even able to access a variety of disclosure documents, such as the financial disclosure reports and legal expense fund disclosures. I believe the overall presentation for the U.S. government websites are excellent. They are very user friendly and the information presented is very neat and in a proper manner. The websites are simple too without having too many writings that are scattered all over the web, which often times cause the users to get confused.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Review and Analysis of the U.S. and UK Government Websites specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is also very easy to obtain the inf ormation that users are trying to obtain without having to click too many times. Moreover, each of the websites has links which enables users to go from one government website to another government website. Overall, the websites are very easy to use and I believe it is due to their simplicity in design. The Overall Content of the Britain Sites The Britain governmental system is different to that of the U.S. in a way that they have different names for each of the executive and legislative branch. For example, in the U.S. the legislative branch is made up of the House and Senate, or also known as the Congress, whereas the Britain, it consists of Parliament. And, the first impression that I get after visiting the Britain government websites are the fact that they are not as user friendly as the U.S. government websites since they don’t have a clear and concise explanation for each of the terms in detail which make users kind of hard to understand what they are really all about. It is also hard to get the data available to the public since the websites do not really name the data properly. Even though they provide the public with quite a bit of information and data, the information presented is not as neat as the U.S. government websites. Therefore, it is kind of hard for users to retrieve the right data. Moreover, the websites seem a little bit too complicated; they simply have too much writings on the websites. It makes users to have difficulty to navigate around the websites easily without having to read all the presented materials. Furthermore, the websites do not provide the links which enable users to move from one government website to the other. Each of the Britain government website mostly focuses only on what they are specialized at. Overall, the Britain government websites are not as user friendly as the U.S. websites because they are simply too complicated and the information presented are not clear. The Impact of the Data contained in the Websi tes The five websites are freely accessible. They do not require any log-in details before one gets the opportunity to access the information contained in them. Anyone can access the government information in the websites provided he or she opens the right site. This has been done probably to avoid excluding anyone from the information, since the two governments feel that the information is important to every citizen.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The websites have been designed in such a way that they prevent the occurrence of unnecessary issues that normally arise when a user’s details are made public. The sites protect and ensure that the emails provided by the users to enable them to receive the updates, are not accessed by any other user apart from the owner of the details. The websites are also designed in such a way that they contain various links within the site that enable the users to access information related to different fields. For instance, the USA Government Made Easy website has links such as ‘list of government agencies’, ‘government auctions’, and ‘government jobs’ among others. This has the effect of increasing the speed with which a user gets to navigate through the information contained in the links. Both the UK government and U.S. government websites have put in place the relevant measures to help them comply with the legal requirements, hence avoiding cases of litigation. For instance the USA Government made easy website, which offers a diversity visa program, ensures that every citizen is accorded equal and fair chances during the lottery process. There are also measures put in place to ensure that users who practice malicious games such as hacking the government sites are arrested and prosecuted. Impact on Individual Citizens In the past, it used to be hard to get in touch with government agencies, especially with its long hierarchical structure, people must go through all the steps in order for them to be able to reach the right division. Today, with the aid of new technologies, citizens are now able to communicate with government agencies with more ease since e-government is concerned about providing quality public services and value-added information to citizens now. By doing so, the government can make interactions between government agencies and citizens smoother and more efficient, thus the government will be able to build a b etter relationship with the citizens. For instance, the usa.gov website is providing the public with a variety of online services, such as passport application and price comparison services, so that the public can get fast services without having to go through all the troubles. Impact on Organizations Besides facilitating the interaction between government and individual citizens, e-government also focuses on the internal efficiency and effectiveness of operations, resembling enterprise resource planning. This enables the government agencies to work together more efficiently with the organizations, thus they have better coordination and collaboration between each other. Moreover, e-government can make the processes even more efficient by having to provide a one stop service to businesses/organizations as well. By making the processes simpler, it indirectly helps the organizations to be more productive because less time is needed to do more of something, so that the time saved can be used to serve better purpose for the organizations. Conclusion In conclusion, I have provided a broad overview of the current practices of leading e-government countries, and explained how they have impacted the society as a whole. E-government has been established in the first place in order to deliver services, engage citizens, and improve performance. A seamless integration, quality information, and good administrative processes are needed for effective e-government programs. Even though so, some e-governments are still lacking the required resources and infrastructure for its successful transformation. Many governments are still trying their best to integrate e-government programs in their processes, and I believe e-government should be implemented on every country since it provides services to the citizens and enhances the efficiency of government operations. References Directgov. (2012). Public services all in one place. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/ The Official Site of the British Prime Minister’s Office. (2012). Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/prime-ministers-office-10-downing-street UK Parliament Website. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.parliament.uk/ United States Senate. (2012). Retrieved from https://www.senate.gov/ USA Government Made Easy. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.usa.gov/

Entertainment in Antarctica Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Entertainment in Antarctica - Essay Example This detail ensures that scientists and workers actually look forward to their leisure time after completing a hard day’s work. The general public is not aware of what goes on day to day at the Antarctic and how important entertainment is to these workers state of mind. Since it is such a barren continent there is not much interest to know about life on Antarctica from the general public. Scientifically Antarctica is very popular. Entertainment on Antarctica and its importance to the workers is a very interesting and illuminating topic. Throughout my discussion I will discuss and breakdown the foundation for entertainment amongst the inhabitants in Antarctica. This will be divided into four section; basics of time, seasons and weather, scientific study and job performance, psychology of inhabitants and importance of entertainment, and the available activities. An individual living in Antarctica can describe the season as follows, cold and colder. Seasons do not progress like the rest of the world due to the extreme weather conditions. Winter runs from April to October and summer April to August (this is an overlapping time frame, you need to fix this, summer cannot be in the middle of winter!). Temperatures vary depending on wind chill factor. Summer temperatures ranges from 40 degrees below zero to 36 degrees below zero, Fahrenheit. Winter temperatures vary from 150 degrees below zero to 40 degrees below zero, Fahrenheit. Four months out of the year consist of 24 hours of darkness. Another four months have 24 hours of daylight and the remaining months have a mixture of day and night. (Antarctica Online, 2006). Antarctica has been occupied since 1951, housing scientists in various fields. They study the wonders and mysteries of the extreme climate (List a couple of the current research fields) (Antarctica Online, 2006). Besides scientist there are many other occupations needed to make the station function on a day to day basis. The life on the